Yet the legacy of the twentieth century remains a burden and many structural ills continue to afflict our country. In many regards, things are a lot worse: what the media usually call the “second” and “third” republics make us miss the first republic (1946-1994), created by men and women who had fought fascism and created a new Italy. Since then, the world has changed - and so, too, Italy, which is no longer that of 32 years ago. The twentieth century came to an end back in 1989, with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War. La Repubblica tells us that this was about “closing the book on the twentieth century” - is that the case? Grey-haired men and women, each between 60 and 78 years of age - exiles who have been living in refuge in France for years - they were put in handcuffs at dawn and taken off to anti-terrorist strongrooms.
The Italian justice system accuses them of a series of crimes, allegedly committed between 19, ranging from subversive association to murder. On 28 April, seven militants of the 1970s Italian revolutionary left were arrested in France, in the so-called “Red Shadows” sting operation. We share the interview here because what Traverso speaks of concerns not only italy’s past, but also more generally, the manner in which the history of the “left”, of anti-capitalist politics, is erased in an active “politics of memory”. The words are Enzo Traverso and they are part of a commentary on the recent arrests by french authorities of italian leftist militants exiled in the country since the late 1970s (in “operation red shadows“), proffered in an interview with him by Andrea Brazzoduro and published by Zapruder (), and in an English translation by the Verso Books Blog. The Years of Lead have been swallowed up by this repression and they have entered into the world of journalistic story-telling (and incomplete or unexplored archives) rather than our historical consciousness.
We could call it “repression”, in the psychoanalytic sense. At three decades’ distance, the congress at which the Italian Communist Party decided to change its name does not appear as its “Bad Godesberg” moment but as an exorcism. ) that, in an anhydrous organic medium (pyridine), dialkilphosphite reacts with amino acids to form phosphoamino acids, which interact with pyrimidine nucleosides to give nucleotides, short oligonucleotides and phosphoryl peptides.The political violence of the 1970s was part of a political era that concluded with a defeat of the Left, of the workers’ movement, of alternative movements. Indeed, it has been experimentally shown (Zhou et al. In particular, phosphite might have reacted with the hydrophobic amino acids, giving rise to phosphoamino acids, which, in turn, might have interacted with pyrimidine bases (relatively abundant in the layer) giving rise to peptides and oligonucleotide-like polymers. Phosphorus-containing compounds might have interacted with hydrophobic molecules in the layer giving rise to polymers.
It may be hypothesized that elemental phosphorus or phosphorus-containing compounds (such as phosphite) deriving from volcanic eruptions would have ended up raining down into the hydrophobic layer, accumulating due to the absence of calcium ions, in an environment protected against hydrolysis. ) we suggested that such hydrophobic material would have formed a hydrophobic layer on the surface of the sea, which would have provided an environment thermodynamically more suitable than water for the concentration and polymerization of organic molecules fundamental to life, particularly amino acids and (pyrimidine) bases. In previous articles (Morchio and Traverso, Morchio et al. Moreover, hydrophobic compounds would have been delivered to the early Earth by extraterrestrial infall. Hydrophobic compounds may have been synthesized on the early Earth through the polymerization of methane or through Fischer-Tropsch-type reactions. We suggest that phosphorus-containing compounds might have accumulated in a hydrophobic medium, since the absence of calcium ions would have prevented them from precipitating as apatite. How phosphorus could have been available for prebiotic reactions is still an open problem. It is well-known that in water phosphate readily reacts with calcium, precipitating as insoluble apatite.
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