The mode of progression of both producers corresponds to that of relatively fast walking organisms that move at a speed lower than 4 m/s. On the other hand, the tracks of felids were only referred to the morphofamily Felipedidae due to the bad preservation of its ichnotaxonomic characters however, being larger than traces of the ichnogenera Felipeda, Pycnodactylopus, Pumaeichnum and Mitsupes, it is suggested that they were produced by some form of medium to large size, a machairodontid or a pantherine, for instance. It is suggested that they were produced by some member of the genus Hemiauchenia, which corresponds to the most common camelid of the Late Cenozoic of Mexico. The impressions of camelids, based on their shape and size, were designated to the icnospecies Lamaichnum guanicoe because they show the typical morphological pattern of this group of artiodactyls. The characterization of the tracks was made by comparing their size and morphology with others produced by fossil and recent taxa. The sample consists of 233 footprints including 154 referable to nine trackways produced by camelids and 79 referable to three trackways produced by felids. The purpose of the present study was the formal characterization of this set of footprints and comment on some paleobiological aspects related to their size, speed, and mode of progression of the track-makers. The Pie de Vaca locality in the State of Puebla stands out for its important abundance of fossil mammal footprints, among them, the most representatives have been referred to camelids and felids. Camelid dietary ecology provides an initial reconstruction of a regional paleoenvironment, with diverse ecosystems present. The aridity index indicates relatively drier conditions at LP-SA than at LC-PT. The environment in LP-SA was dominated by open areas, with small closed vegetation patches, a temperature of 16.29☌, and less seasonal variation.
The results suggest that LC-PT had a heterogeneous environment composed of open areas and closed zones, temperatures between 13.95☌ and 19.9☌ and extreme seasonal changes. The δ18O and the aridity index show that camelids in central Mexico were evaporation-sensitive taxa. gracilis from LC-PT had a mixed feeder diet with a preference for C3 plants. macrocephala from LC-PT was browser with a predilection for C3 plants, and H.
hesternus from both sites had a browser diet with a preference for C3-C4 plants, while H. Microwear and δ13C values indicate that C. gracilis from two fossil sites (LC-PT, and LP-SA) in west-central Mexico, gaining knowledge about camelids palaeoecology (diet and habitat). It analysed dental microwear and carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in teeth enamel of C. flavescens, is proposed.įossil camelids (Artiodactyla, Camelidae) record for Mexican Late Pleistocene is constituted by Camelops hesternus, Hemiauchenia macrocephala, Hemiauchenia gracilis, and Palaeolama mirifica. berlandieri, associated with bodies of water inhabited by K. By the same token, the presence of xerophytic thickets and desert areas suitable for G. The potential climatic conditions based on the distribution model and the current habitats of these turtles suggest that the climate was warmer with similar precipitation (21.99 ☌ mean annual temperature and 623 mm mean annual precipitation) in comparison to the current ones (17 ☌ mean annual temperature and 622.2 mm mean annual precipitation). We performed a paleoclimatic reconstruction of the Valsequillo Basin using the Mutual Ecogeographic Range (MER) method, given that in this area the fossil material was identified to species level, including K. This record supplements their occurrence in the country, being common inhabitants of central Mexico. A comparative study with selected specimens of extant and extinct turtles revealed that the fossil sample evidences two families (Kinosternidae and Testudinidae), three genera (Kinosternon, Gopherus, and aff. We describe and identify fossil material of turtles recovered from several Pleistocene localities of Hidalgo and Puebla.
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